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In January, you heard from Rebecca MacDonald and Kyle Basilius, principals at Parkin Architects, …Parkin is a Canadian, employee-owned, award-winning architectural practice with roots dating back to the 1940s. Founded and established in Toronto, expanded to Ottawa, and Vancouver, the firm specializes in designing purposeful, beautiful, and functional buildings. Our commitment to collaboration has earned us a reputation for excellence, bringing clients’ visions to life through thoughtful, impactful design. With a focus on social impact, we take pride in creating spaces that are accessible, inclusive, and welcoming to all. Not my words, theirs.

Creating environments that positively impact lives is their vision

Their Mission… To foster collaboration, partnerships and the sharing of knowledge to build better communities. They design innovative solutions to promote positive and enduring social change. They empower their team to design meaningful and enriching environments. They cultivate a sustainable business model as the foundation to lead initiatives that positively impact lives. That is powerful.

To celebrate, we are having a conversation with Robert Boraks and Richard Heot of Parkin Architects, the likes of which you have probably not heard before. Justice architecture. Yeah, prisons, jails, facilities that are created to keep people in. But you might be surprised by what you hear.

Justice by Design: Redefining the Architecture of Incarceration

Healing Over Hardship

While prison architecture is often associated with “locking people up,” modern justice design is pivoting toward rehabilitation, reintegration, and community connection. This episode explores how shifting the physical environment from fortresses to “healing centers” can reduce stress for both inmates and staff, ultimately lowering recidivism rates and serving the best interests of society.

Key Points

• The Purpose of the Typology: Architecture must follow function. If the goal of a facility is rehabilitation rather than pure punishment, the design must reflect that through “soft” materials, natural light, and open programming.
• The “Normalization” of Space: Incorporating elements like drywall (as seen in the Rankin Inlet project) instead of concrete, and providing views of nature, helps de-escalate tension and improve the mental health of residents and correctional officers.
• Technology as a Barrier-Breaker: Advances in AI and electronic tracking may eventually reduce the need for physical “hard” barriers like barbed wire, allowing facilities to blend more seamlessly into the community.
• The “Triage” Model: Modern facilities are increasingly being viewed as stabilization points to address the high rates of mental illness (70% in Canada) and homelessness among the incarcerated population.
• Reframing the Narrative: The architects argue for viewing justice facilities through the lens of: “How would I want my loved one treated if they were here?”

• Parkin Architects: The firm featured in this episode, specializing in justice, healthcare, and institutional design.
• Rankin Inlet Men’s Healing Facility: A landmark project discussed for its use of “soft” architecture and lack of perimeter fencing to foster a healing environment.
• The “Normalization” Principle: A concept in correctional philosophy stating that life inside should resemble life outside as much as possible to prepare for reintegration.
• Michel Foucault: The philosopher referenced regarding the “Carceral Archipelago” and the similarities between schools, hospitals, and prisons.

Reimagining the “Hard” Box: The Purpose of Typology

In traditional architectural circles, the “prison” typology has long been defined by its permanence and its posture of punishment. Historically, these structures were designed as “hard boxes”—windowless, concrete monoliths intended to separate the “other” from society. However, as discussed in the latest Convo By Design, architects Richard Hewitt and Robert Boraks are challenging the very foundation of this design philosophy. The fundamental question is no longer just “how do we keep people in?” but rather, “What is the purpose of this place?”

When a facility is designed strictly for punishment, it often fails at its unstated but essential goal: public safety. If 70% of those entering the system suffer from mental illness or substance abuse, a “hard” environment only serves to exacerbate trauma. By shifting the typology toward “Healing Centers,” architects are utilizing evidence-based design to lower the temperature of incarceration. This means replacing oppressive materials with softer finishes and ensuring that the physical layout supports programming like trades training or farming. By defining the purpose as rehabilitation and reintegration, the architecture stops being a cage and starts being a tool for societal health.

The Normalization of Space: Breaking the Fortress Mentality

One of the most striking revelations in modern justice architecture is the “Normalization” principle. This concept suggests that if you treat an individual like an animal in a cage, they will likely behave like one. Conversely, if you provide an environment that mimics the outside world—with natural light, acoustic control, and “normal” windows and doors—stress levels drop significantly for both residents and staff.

Take the Rankin Inlet Men’s Healing Facility as a primary example. Built in the Canadian North, this facility famously lacks a perimeter fence and was constructed using drywall rather than indestructible concrete. The result? A dramatic decrease in destructive behavior and a surge in staff morale. When a space feels like a school or a library rather than a fortress, the stigma of incarceration is reduced. This “soft” approach doesn’t just benefit the incarcerated; it creates a safer work environment for correctional officers, who are the “true lifers” of the facility. By normalizing the space, we prepare individuals for the day they walk back into a grocery store or a community park, ensuring they aren’t entering a world they no longer recognize.

Technology as a Catalyst for Change

As we move further into the 2020s, technology is poised to render the traditional “fortress” prison obsolete. We are entering an era where AI-driven monitoring, facial recognition, and biometric tracking can provide security without the need for literal iron bars. Architects are now looking at a future where a facility can be integrated into the fabric of a city—perhaps even as a mixed-use development—because the “containment” is digital and psychological rather than just physical.

Technology allows for predictive safety measures. AI can analyze movement patterns and biometric data (like heart rate or body temperature) to alert staff to rising tensions before an incident occurs. This shift allows for more “open” environments where individuals can move freely within a secure digital envelope. Furthermore, technology facilitates a “triage” model of justice, where data helps identify mental health needs or housing instability the moment someone enters the system. As Robert Boraks noted, we may reach a point where we ask: Do we even need prisons in their current form? By leveraging technology, we can move away from “warehousing” humans and toward a more precise, data-driven method of social support and community protection.